高中英语构词法必考合集

英语中的构词法主要有三种，即转化法、合成法和派生法。一、转化法在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。1.动词转化为名词Letmehaveatry.让我试试。Theyareonlyallowedtosellsoftdrinksatschool.在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。2.名词转化为动词Heshoulderedhiswaythroughthecrowd.他用肩膀推开人群前进。Thesmellfromthekitchenmadehismouthwater.从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。3.形容词转化为动词 Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。Theytriedtoperfecttheworkingconditions.他们努力改善工作条件。4.形容词转化为名词Hedidn’tknowthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.他不辨是非。Theoldinourvillagearelivingahappylife.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。5.形容词转化为副词Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?你在那儿住多久了?6.个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词Warmclothesareamustinthemountains. 穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.人生有得意时也有失意时。Hisargumentcontainstoomanyifsandbuts.他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”.二、合成法由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词。合成词一般看其词，知其意。1.合成名词名词/代词+名词newspaperblood-testshe-wolf动词+名词typewriterpickpocketdaybreak形容词+名词greenhousehighway副词+名词overcoatoutside名词+v.-ing/v.-ing+名词handwritingreading-roomfreezing-point 动词+副词/副词+动词breakthroughget-togetheroutbreakoutcome名词+介词+名词sister-in-laweditor-in-chief2.合成形容词名词+形容词/形容词+名词world-famousduty-freelarge-scalelong-term副词+形容词over-anxiousevergreen名词+过去分词man-madesun-burnt名词+现在分词peace-lovingEnglish-speaking形容词+现在分词good-lookingeasy-going副词+过去分词well-informedwidespread副词+现在分词hardworkingfar-reaching形容词+名词+edwarm-heartedabsent-minded数词+名词+edthree-leggedten-storied数词+名词one-wayfive–star 数词+名词+形容词ten-year-old800-meter-long名词+to+名词face–to-facedoor-to-door3.合成动词名词+动词baby-sitsleepwalk副词+动词outnumberunderestimateoverwork形容词+动词whitewash4.合成副词形容词+名词meanwhileanyway形容词+副词everywhereanyhow副词+副词however介词+名词beforehandoverhead介词+副词forever5.合成代词代词宾格+self/selvesherselfthemselves 物主代词+self/selvesmyselfyourselves形容词+名词anythingnothing6.合成介词副词+名词insideoutside介词+副词withoutwithin副词+介词into三、派生法由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。1.前缀除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。(1)表示否定意义的前缀un-unhappyunfinishedundressdis-disagreedisbelieve in-[il-(在字母l前)，im-(在字母m,b,p前)，ir-(在字母r前)]inaccurateillegalimpoliteimbalanceirregularmis-misbehavemisleadmistakenon-nonstopnonsmoker(2)表示其他意义的前缀en-“使……”enrichenlargeencourageinter-“相互”internationalintercontinentalre-“再，又，重”rethinkretellrecycletele-“远程的”telescopetelephonetelegraphauto-“自动的”automaticautomobileco-“共同”coworkercooperatecoexistanti-“反对，抵抗”antiwarantifreezeantinuclearmulti-“多”multistorymulticulturalmulticolorbi-“双，二”bicyclebilingualbilateralmicro-“极小的，微小的”microwavemicrocomputer over-“太多，过分”overworkoverdooverestimateself-“自己，本身”self-centeredself-confidentself-controlunder-“在……下面，……下的，不足的”underline,underground,underestimate,underrate2.后缀(1)形容词后缀-able“可……的，具有……的”acceptabledrinkableknowledgeablereasonable-al“与……有关的”physical,magical,political-an“属于某地方的人”AmericanAfrican-ern“方向”southern,northern,eastern-ful/less“(没)有……的”helpful,useful,homeless,hopeless-ish“如……的;有……特征的”foolishchildishselfish-ive“有……倾向的”activeattractiveexpensive-en“由……制成的”goldenwoodenwoolen -ous“有(性质)的”famous,dangerous,poisonous-ly“有……性质的”friendlyyearlydaily-y“构成形容词”noisydustycloudy　(2)名词后缀-er/or“表人或用具”farmer,baker,visitor,professor,cooker,container-ese“某国(人)的”Chinese,Japanese-ian“某国、某地人;精通……的人”musician,Asian,Russian,technician-ist“某种主义或职业者”physicist,scientist,communist，socialist-ess“表女性，雌性”hostess,actress,princess-ment“行为或其状态”government,movement,achievement-ness“性质，状态”illness,sadness,carelessness-tion“动作，过程，结果”invention,organization,translation-ance/ence“抽象;行为、性质、状态”importance,appearance,absence,existence -th“性质、情况”depth,warmth,truth-ful“(满的)量”handful,spoonful,mouthful-(a)bility“抽象、性质、状态”possibility,disability,reliability-al“过程、状态”survival,arrival,approval-y“性质、情况”modesty,delivery,honesty-dom“处于……状态;性质”freedom,boredom-age“状态，行为，身份及其结果”courage,storage,marriage(3)动词后缀-fy/ify“使得;变得”simplify,beautify,purify-en“使成为;变得”shorten,deepen,sadden-ize“使成为”apologize,realize,specialize　(4)副词后缀-ly“方式，程度”freely,truly,angrily-ward(s)“向……”towards,forward,upwards(5)数词后缀 -teen“十几”fourteen,eighteen,thirteen-ty“整十位数”forty,fifty,sixty-th“序数词”twelfth,twentieth