高中化学方程式

中学化学常用方程式大全总目录一、无机化学方程式二、热化学方程式三、有机反应方程式四、离子方程式五、电极方程式-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------分目录表一、无机化学方程式6A6Ag6Al6As7B7Ba7Be7Br7C7C7Ca8Cl9Cu9F10F210H11H211Hg12HF12HCl12HBr12HI12H2O12H2O213H2S13H2CO313 HClO13HNO313H3PO414H2SO314H2SO414I15K15K15K+O2KO215K2O、K2O216KOH16K2CO316KHCO316KClO316KI16KAl(SO4)216KMnO416KSCN17KH17L17Li17Li2O17LiOH17Li2CO317LiHCO317M17Mg17MgO18Mg(OH)218MgCO318Mg(HCO3)218MgSO418MnO218N18N218NO、NO2、N2O518NH319NH4HCO3、(NH4)2CO319NH4Cl19NH4NO320(NH4)2SO3、(NH4)2SO420Na、Na2O、Na2O220NaH20NaOH20NaAlO221 NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaI21Na2CO3、NaHCO321NaNO3、NaNO222Na3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO422Na2S、NaHS22Na2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O322Na2SiO322C6H5ONa22O222O323P23P23P2O3、P2O524Pb、PbO224(CH3COO)2Pb24Rb24S24S24SO225SO325Si25SiO225Z26Zn26ZnO26Zn(OH)226二、热化学方程式26B26C26H27N28P28S28三、有机反应方程式28(一)烷烃28(二)烯烃28(三)炔烃29(四)芳香烃29(五)石油29(六)卤代烃29(七)醇类30(八)酚类30(九)醛类30(十)羧酸31(十一)糖类31(十二)酯、油脂31 (十三)氨基酸32四、离子方程式32A32Al32Ag33As34B34Ba34Br34C34CO32-、CO234Ca35Cl35CN-36Cr36Cu36CxHyOz36F37F237Fe37H38H+38H2O38H2O238H2CO3系列38H3PO4系列39H2S系列39H2SO3系列40I40L40M41Mg41Mn41N41Na41NH3系列41NO2-、NO3-42O42P42S43S43Si44Z44五、电极方程式44(一)原电池电极方程式441．Cu─H2SO4─Zn原电池44 2．Cu─FeCl3─C原电池453．钢铁在潮湿的空气中发生吸氧腐蚀454．氢氧燃料电池（中性介质）455．氢氧燃料电池（酸性介质）456．氢氧燃料电池（碱性介质）457．铅蓄电池（放电）458．Al─NaOH─Mg原电池459．CH4燃料电池(碱性介质)4610．熔融碳酸盐燃料电池4611．银锌纽扣电池(碱性介质)46(二)电解电极方程式461．电解CuCl2溶液462．电解精炼铜463．电镀铜464．电解饱和食盐水465．电解HCl溶液476．电解NaOH溶液477．电解H2SO4溶液478．电解KNO3溶液479．电解CuSO4溶液4710．电解AgNO3溶液4711．铅蓄电池（充电）47 正文部分一、无机化学方程式AAgAg+2HNO3(浓)====AgNO3+NO2↑+H2O2AgCl====2Ag + Cl2↑(见光或受热)  AgNO3 + NaCl ==== AgCl↓ + NaNO3  AgNO3+NaBr==== AgBr↓+NaNO3 AgNO3 + NaI ==== AgI↓ + NaNO3Ag3PO4+3HNO3====H3PO4+3AgNO3Al4Al+3O22Al2O3(纯氧)2Al+3SAl2S32Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl====2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4====Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀)====Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的硫酸、硝酸中钝化)2Al+2NaOH+2H2O====2NaAlO2+3H2↑Al2O3、Al(OH)3(Al2O3是两性氧化物)2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HCl====AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4====Al2(SO4)3+6H2OAl(OH)3+NaOH====NaAlO2+2H2O铝盐AlCl3+3NaOH====Al(OH)3↓+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3·H2O====Al(OH)3↓+3NH4Cl2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO3====Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+3NaClAlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O====4Al(OH)3↓+3NaClAlCl3+4NaOH====NaAlO2 + 3NaCl +2H2OAl2(SO4)3+3Na2S+6H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑+3Na2SO4 Al4C3+12H2O ==== 4Al(OH)3↓+3CH4↑AsAs2O3 + 6Zn + 12HCl ==== 2AsH3↑+6ZnCl2 + 3H2O 3As2S3 + 28HNO3(稀) + 4H2O ==== 6H3AsO4 + 9H2SO4+28NO↑ As2S3 + 28HNO3(浓)  ==== 2H3AsO4 + 3H2SO4+ 28NO2↑+8H2OBBaBa(OH)2 + CO2 ====BaCO3↓+ H2OBa(OH)2 + 2CO2(过量) ====Ba(HCO3)2Ba(OH)2+ H2SO4 ==== BaSO4↓+ 2H2O3Ba(OH)2+2H3PO4====Ba3(PO4)2↓+6H2OBaCl2 + H2SO4 ==== BaSO4↓+ 2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4 ==== BaSO4↓+2NaClBaCO3+2HCl====BaCl2+CO2↑+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3====Ba(NO3)2+CO2↑+H2OBaO2+H2SO4(稀)====BaSO4↓+H2O2BeBe+2HCl====BeCl2+H2↑Be+2NaOH====Na2BeO2+H2↑BeCl2+2NaOH====Be(OH)2↓+2NaClBe(OH)2+2HCl====BeCl2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2NaOH====Na2BeO2+2H2OBrBr2 +H2  2HBr3Br2 + 2Fe ====2FeBr3Br2 + 2FeBr2 ====2FeBr3Br2 + 2NaI====2NaBr + I2Br2 + 2HI====2HBr + I2Br2 + H2O ==== HBr + HBrOBr2 + 2NaOH==== NaBr + NaBrO+H2OBr2+SO2+2H2O====H2SO4+2HBrBr2+H2S====S↓+2HBrC C C+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl42C+O2(少量)2COC+O2(足量)CO2C+CO22CO C+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2Si+2CO↑(制得粗硅)C+SiSiC(金刚砂)C+2SCS23C+CaOCaC2+CO↑3C+SiO2SiC+2CO↑C+2H2SO4(浓)CO2↑+2SO2↑+2H2OC+4HNO3(浓)CO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O2CO+O22CO2CO+CuOCu+CO23CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2CO+H2OCO2+H2CO2+2Mg2MgO+CCO2+H2O====H2CO3CO2+2NaOH(过量)====Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH====NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)====CaCO3↓+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2====Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O====C6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+Na2O====Na2CO32CO2+2Na2O2====2Na2CO3+O2CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2O====NaHCO3↓+NH4Cl(侯氏制碱法)CaCaO+H2O====Ca(OH)2CaO+SiO2CaSiO32Ca(OH)2+2Cl2====CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2OCa(OH)2+SO3====CaSO4↓+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3====Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑(用HNO3和浓硫酸不能制备H2S、HI、HBr等还原性气体) CaCO3+SiO2CaSiO3+CO2↑CaF2+H2SO4(浓)====CaSO4+2HF↑Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO4(浓)====3CaSO4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO4)2+2H2SO4(浓)====2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2Ca3(PO4)2+4H3PO4====3Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)CaH2+2H2O====Ca(OH)2+2H2↑ClCl2+H2====2HCl(光照或点燃)Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl53Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2====2FeCl3Cl2+2NaBr====2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI====2KCl+I2*5Cl2+I2+6H2O====2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S====2NaCl+S↓Cl2+H2S====2HCl+S↓Cl2+SO2+2H2O====H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2SO3+H2O====H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O====HCl+HClOCl2+H2O2====2HCl+O2Cl2+2NaOH====NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2====CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓)====5KCl+KClO3+3H2OCu2Cu+O22CuO2Cu+SCu2SCu+Cl2CuCl23CuO+2NH33Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HCl====CuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4====CuSO4+H2OCu(OH)2+2HCl====CuCl2+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4====CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2S====CuS↓+2HClCuCl2+2NaOH====Cu(OH)2↓+2NaClCuSO4+H2S====CuS↓+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOH====Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH)2====Cu(OH)2↓+BaSO4↓CaC2CaC2+2H2O====CH≡CH↑+Ca(OH)2 FF2F2+H2====2HF2F2+2H2O====4HF+O2Fe2Fe+3Cl22FeCl33Fe+2O2Fe3O4Fe+SFeS2Fe+3Br2====2FeBr3Fe+I2FeI23Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl====FeCl2+H2↑Fe+CuCl2====FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4====FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2S====FeS+H2↑2Fe+6H2SO4(浓)====Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2OFe+H2SO4(稀)====FeSO4+H2↑Fe+6HNO3====Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2OFe+4HNO3====Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O8Fe+30HNO3====8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O10Fe+36HNO3====10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O8Fe+30HNO3====8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe(Al)+H2SO4(浓)室温下钝化Fe +(CH3COO)2Cu====Cu+(CH3COO)2Fe3FeO+2AlAl2O3+3Fe6FeO+O22Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3====Fe(NO3)3+NO2↑+2H2OFe2O3Fe2O3+2AlAl2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO2Fe+3CO2Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe2O3+6HCl====2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(浓)FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O Fe(OH)2、Fe(OH)34Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O====4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl2====2FeCl3FeCl2+Mg====Fe+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe====3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu====2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路板)2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2O====H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn====2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S====2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓2FeCl3+2KI====2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3·H2O====Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O====2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaClFeCl3+3NaHCO3====Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+3NaCl2FeCl3 + SO2 + 2H2O ==== 2FeCl2 + H2SO4 + 2HCl     FeCl3+3KSCN====Fe(SCN)3+3KClFeSFeS+2HCl====FeCl2+H2S↑FeS+H2SO4====FeSO4+H2S↑其它Fe化合物4FeS2+11O22Fe2O3+8SO2Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag====2FeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应)Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反应HH2H2+F2====2HF(冷暗处爆炸)H2+Cl2====2HCl(光照或点燃)3H2+N22NH3H2+SH2S6H2+P44PH32H2+SiCl4Si(纯)+4HClH2+2Na====2NaH3H2+Fe2O32Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉) 4H2+Fe3O43Fe+4H2O2H2+SiO2Si+2H2OHg3Hg+8HNO3(稀)====3Hg(NO3)2+2NO↑+4H2OHg+4HNO3(浓)====Hg(NO3)2+2NO2↑+2H2OHF4HF+SiO2====SiF4↑+2H2OHCl6HCl+2Al====2AlCl3+3H2↑2HCl+Fe====FeCl2+H2↑4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4====2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7====2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2OHCl+NH3====NH4Cl(白烟)2HCl+FeO====FeCl2+H2O6HCl+Fe2O3====2FeCl3+3H2O8HCl(浓)+Fe3O4FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OHCl+Na3PO4====Na2HPO4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4====NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4====H3PO4+NaClHCl+Na2CO3====NaHCO3+NaClHCl+NaHCO3====NaCl+H2O+CO2↑HBrHBr+NaOH====NaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl2====2HCl+Br2HI2HIH2+I22HI+Cl2====2HCl+I2HI+NaOH====NaI+H2OH2O2F2+2H2O====4HF+O2Cl2+H2O====HCl+HClO2Na+2H2O====2NaOH+H2↑Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2↑3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H22H2O2H2↑+O2↑SO2+H2O====H2SO3SO3+H2O====H2SO43NO2+H2O====2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O====2HNO3P2O5+H2O(冷)====2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热)====2H3PO4 CO2+H2O====H2CO3H2O22H2O22H2O+O2↑H2O2+Cl2====2HCl+O25H2O2+2KMnO4+6HCl====2MnCl2+2KCl+5O2↑+8H2OH2SH2S+Cl2====2HCl+S↓H2S+Mg====MgS+H22H2S+3O2(足量)====2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)====2S↓+2H2O2H2S+SO2====3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)====S↓+SO2+2H2OH2SH2+S↓3H2S+2HNO3(稀)====3S↓+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4====2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O*3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4====Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O*H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O====Na2SO4+6NaOHH2S+Fe====FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2====CuS↓+2HClH2S+HgCl2====HgS↓+2HClH2S+4NO2====4NO+SO3+H2OH2CO3H2CO3====CO2↑+H2OHClO2HClO====2HCl+O2↑HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4====H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀)====Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O3As2S3 + 28HNO3 + 4H2O ==== 6H3AsO4 + 9H2SO4 + 28NO↑4HNO3(浓)+CCO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3====Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑6HNO3+Fe====Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O4HNO3+Fe====Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe====8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe====10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe====8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3====Fe(NO3)3+NO2↑+2H2O 3H2S+2HNO3(稀)====3S↓+2NO+4H2O4HNO3====4NO2↑+O2↑+2H2O(见光或受热分解)NH3+HNO3====NH4NO3(白烟)(用HNO3和浓硫酸不能制备H2S、HI、HBr，而SO2可用浓硫酸制备)3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)====6NaNO3+2NO↑+3S↓+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)====3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O*5HNO3(浓)+P====H3PO4+5NO2↑+H2OP4+20HNO3(浓)====4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2OS+6HNO3(浓)====H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)====3SO2↑+4NO↑+2H2OH3PO44H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2====3Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)H3PO4(浓)+NaBr====NaH2PO4+HBr↑H3PO4(浓)+NaI====NaH2PO4+HI↑H2SO3H2SO3+X2+H2O====H2SO4+2HX(X2表示Cl2、Br2、I2)2H2SO3+O2====2H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2====H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4====2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O====H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3====H2O+SO2↑H2SO3+2H2S====3S↓+3H2OH2SO4Zn+H2SO4====ZnSO4+H2↑Fe+H2SO4====FeSO4+H2↑Mg+H2SO4====MgSO4+H2↑2Al+3H2SO4====Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O2NH3+H2SO4====(NH4)2SO4H2S+H2SO4(浓)====S↓+SO2+2H2O P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)====2H3PO4+3SO3BaO2+H2SO4(稀)====BaSO4+H2O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)====Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4====MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4====Al2(SO4)3+3H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CCO2↑+2SO2↑+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S====3SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+Fe(Al)室温下钝化6H2SO4(浓)+2Fe====Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CuCuSO4+SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBrSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HISO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+CaF2====CaSO4+2HF↑H2SO4(浓)+NaClNaHSO4+HCl↑H2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl↑H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3↑(微热)3H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2====3CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2====2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2II2+H22HII2+FeFeI2I2+2NaOH====NaI+NaIO+H2OKKK+O2KO22K+2H2O====2KOH+H2↑ K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O====2KOHK2O+CO2====K2CO32K2O2+2CO2====2K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O====4KOH+O2↑KOH2KOH+CO2====K2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2====KHCO3K2CO3K2CO3+2HCl====2KCl+CO2↑+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2====CaCO3↓+2KClK2CO3+2AgNO3====Ag2CO3↓+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HCl====KCl+CO2↑+H2O2KHCO3K2CO3+CO2↑+H2OKClO32KClO32KCl+3O2↑KClO3+6HCl====KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2OKI2KI+Cl2====2KCl+I2KI+AgNO3====AgI↓+KNO3KAl(SO4)22KAl(SO4)2+6NaOH====K2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH)3↓2KAl(SO4)2+3Ba(OH)2====K2SO4+3BaSO4↓+2Al(OH)3↓KAl(SO4)2+2Ba(OH)2====KAlO2+2BaSO4↓+2H2OKMnO42KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑2KMnO4+16HCl====2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl====2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2↑+8H2O KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3====Fe(SCN)3+3KClKHKH+H2O====KOH+H2↑LLi4Li+O22Li2O2Li+2H2O====2LiOH+H2↑Li2OLi2O+CO2====Li2CO3Li2O+H2O====2LiOHLiOH2LiOH+CO2====Li2CO3↓+H2OLiOH+CO2====LiHCO3Li2CO3Li2CO3+2HCl====2LiCl+CO2↑+H2OLiHCO3LiHCO3+HCl====LiCl+CO2↑+H2O2LiHCO3Li2CO3+CO2↑+H2OMMg2Mg+O22MgOMg+2H2O2Mg(OH)2+H2↑Mg+Cl2MgCl22Mg+CO22MgO+CMg+S====MgSMg+Br2====MgBr2Mg+2HCl====MgCl2+H2↑Mg+H2SO4====MgSO4+H2↑2Mg+TiCl4(熔融)====Ti+2MgCl2 MgOMgO+2HCl====MgCl2+H2OMgO+H2O====Mg(OH)2↓Mg(OH)2Mg(OH)2+2HCl====MgCl2+2H2OMgCO3MgCO3+2HCl====MgCl2+CO2↑+H2OMgCO3+H2OMg(OH)2↓+CO2↑MgCO3CO2↑+MgOMg(HCO3)2Mg(HCO3)2+2HCl====MgCl2+2CO2↑+2H2OMg(HCO3)2Mg(OH)2↓+2CO2↑MgSO4MgSO4+Ba(OH)2====Mg(OH)2↓+BaSO4↓MgSO4+2NaOH====Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4MnO2MnO2+4HCl(浓)MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2ONN2N2+3H22NH3N2+O22NON2+3MgMg3N2N2+6Na====2Na3NNO、NO2、N2O52NO+O2====2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH====2NaNO2+ H2O(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)6NO + 4NH3 5N2 + 6H2O  NO2+2KI+H2O====NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2) 4NO2+H2S====4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2====SO3+NO3NO2+H2O====2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O====2HNO3NH32NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2====N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2====N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO)NH3+HCl====NH4Cl(白烟)NH3+HNO3====NH4NO3(白烟)2NH3+H2SO4====(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2====NaHCO3↓+NH4Cl(侯氏制碱法)2NH3+SO2+H2O====(NH4)2SO3NH3·H2ONH3↑+H2ONH3+H2ONH3·H2ONH4++OH-NH4HCO3、(NH4)2CO3NH4HCO3NH3↑+H2O↑+CO2↑(NH4)2CO32NH3↑+H2O↑+CO2↑NH4ClNH4ClNH3+HCl2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2CaCl2+2NH3↑+2H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3↑+H2ONH4Cl+NaOH====NaCl+NH3·H2O NH4NO3NH4NO3+NaOH====NaNO3+NH3·H2ONH4NO3+NaOHNaNO3+NH3↑+H2O5NH4NO32HNO3+4N2↑+9H2O(NH4)2SO3、(NH4)2SO4(NH4)2SO3+SO2+H2O====2NH4HSO3(NH4)2SO4+2NaOH====Na2SO4+2NH3·H2O(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3↑+2H2ONa、Na2O、Na2O24Na+O2====2Na2O2Na+O2Na2O2Cl2+2Na2NaCl2Na+S====Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O====2NaOH+H2↑2Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH3====2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)====4NaCl+TiNa2O+H2O====2NaOH2Na2O+O22Na2O2Na2O+SO3====Na2SO4Na2O+CO2====Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl====2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na====2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)2Na2O2+2H2O====4NaOH+O2↑(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O====2NaOH+H2O2；2H2O2====2H2O+O2↑。H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应)2Na2O2+2CO2====2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)====Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2O====NaOH+H2↑NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2O====Na2SiO3+2H2↑6NaOH+3S2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O====2NaAlO2+3H2↑2NaOH(过量)+CO2====Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量)====NaHCO3 2NaOH+SiO2====Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)2NaOH+Al2O3====2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2====NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl====NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)====NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)====Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3====Al(OH)3↓+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3====NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3↑+H2O4NaOH+AlCl3====NaAlO2+3NaCl+2H2O6NaOH+P2O5====2Na3PO4+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO33NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O====4Al(OH)3↓+3NaClNaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H2SO4(浓)NaHSO4+HCl↑H2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl↑2NaI+Cl2====2NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(浓)====NaH2PO4+HBr↑NaI+H3PO4(浓)====NaH2PO4+HI↑Na2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2Na2SiO3+CO2↑Na2CO3+HCl====NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl====NaCl+H2O+CO2↑3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O====2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3====Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+3NaCl3NaHCO3+FeCl3====Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+3NaCl2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2↑+H2O3Na2CO3 + 2Br2 + H2O ==== 2NaHCO3 + 2NaBrO + 2NaBr + CO2 ↑   NaHCO3  + Br2  ==== NaBr + HBrO + CO2↑NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO32NaNO2+O2↑H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3↑(微热)NaNO2+NH4Cl====NaCl+N2↑+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HCl====Na2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HCl====NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl====H3PO4+NaClNa2S、NaHSNa2S+Cl2====2NaCl+S↓3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)====6NaNO3+2NO+3S↓+4H2O3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑+3Na2SO4Na2S+FeCl2====FeS↓+2NaClNaHS+HCl====NaCl+H2S↑Na2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)====3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O2Na2SO3+O2====2Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4====Na2SO4+S↓+SO2↑+H2ONa2SO3 + SO2 + H2O ==== 2NaHSO32NaHSO3Na2SO3 + SO2↑ + H2ONa2SiO3Na2SiO3+2HCl==H2SiO3↓+2NaClC6H5ONaC6H5ONa+CO2+H2O====C6H5OH+NaHCO3O2O2 + 2H2 2H2OO2+KKO22O2+3FeFe3O4 O2+SSO2O2+N22NO3O22O34P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5)C+O2(足量)CO2Si(粉)+O2SiO24Na+O2====2Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Mg+O22MgO4Al+3O22Al2O34NH3+5O24NO+6H2O2SO2+O22SO32CO+O22CO26FeO+O22Fe3O42H2SO3+O2====2H2SO44Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O====4Fe(OH)32Na2SO3+O2====2Na2SO4O32O3====3O2O3+2HI====I2+O2+H2OPP2P+3Cl22PCl3PCl3+Cl2PCl5P4+6H24PH34P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5) P4+20HNO3(浓)====4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O11P+15CuSO4+24H2O====5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4PH3+2O2====H3PO4P2O3、P2O5P2O5+H2O(冷)====2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热)====2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂)*P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)====2H3PO4+3SO3P2O5 + 6NaOH ==== 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O  Pb、PbO2Pb+2HCl====PbCl2+H2↑PbO2+4HCl(浓)PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O(CH3COO)2Pb(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S====PbS↓+2CH3COOHRb2Rb+2H2O====2RbOH+H2↑RbOH+HCl====RbCl+H2OSSS+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+FeFeSS+2CuCu2S3S+2AlAl2S3S+ZnZnSS+O2SO2S+6HNO3(浓)====H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)====3SO2↑+4NO↑+2H2O3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2OS+2Na====Na2S(爆炸)S+Mg====MgS S+2H2SO4(浓)====3SO2↑+2H2OSO22SO2+O22SO32SO2+O2+2H2O====2H2SO4SO2+Cl2+2H2O====H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O====H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O====H2SO4+2HISO2+2H2S====3S↓+2H2OSO2+H2O====H2SO3SO2+2NH3+H2O====(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O====2NH4HSO3SO2+Ca(OH)2====CaSO3↓+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2,可用品红鉴别)2NaOH+SO2(少量)====Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量)====NaHSO3SO3SO3+H2O====H2SO4SO3+MgO====MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2====CaSO4↓+H2OSO3+Na2O====Na2SO4SiSi(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4SiCl4+2H2Si(纯)+4HClSi(粉)+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O====Na2SiO3+2H2↑SiO22C+SiO2Si+2CO↑(制得粗硅)3C+SiO2SiC+2CO↑2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si4HF+SiO2====SiF4+2H2O SiO2+2H2Si+2H2O*SiO2+2Mg2MgO+SiSiO2+CaOCaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH====Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2↑SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO2↑2NaOH+SiO2====Na2SiO3+H2OZZnZn+SZnSZn+2HCl====ZnCl2+H2↑Zn+H2SO4====ZnSO4+H2↑Zn+2NaOH====Na2ZnO2+H2↑Zn+2FeCl3====2FeCl2+ZnCl2ZnOZnO+2HCl====ZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOH====Na2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH)2Zn(OH)2+2HCl====ZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH)2+2NaOH====Na2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH)2+4NH3·H2O====Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZn(OH)2ZnO+H2O二、热化学方程式BB2H6(g)+3O2(g)====B2O3(s)+3H2O(l)；ΔH=-2165kJ·mol-1CC(石墨，s)+O2(g)====CO2(g)；ΔH=-393.5　kJ·mol-1 C(金刚石，s)+O2(g)====CO2(g)；ΔH=-395.4　kJ·mol-1C(金刚石，s)====C(石墨，s)；ΔH=-1.90kJ·mol-1．C(s)+H2O(g)====CO(g)+H2(g)；ΔH=+131.3　kJ·mol-1C(s)+1/2O2(g)====CO(g)；ΔH=-110.5　kJ·mol-1C(s)+O2(g)====CO2(g)；ΔH=-393.5　kJ·mol-1CO(g)+1/2O2(g)====CO2(g)；ΔH=-283kJ·mol-1CaC2(s)+2H2O(l)====C2H2(g)+Ca(OH)2(s)；ΔH=-127kJ·mol-1CH4(g)+2O2(g)====CO2(g)+2H2O(l)；ΔH=-890.3kJ·mol-1C2H4(g)+3O2(g)====2CO2(g)+2H2O(l)；ΔH=-1411kJ·mol-1C2H2(g)+5/2O2(g)====2CO2(g)+H2O(l)；ΔH=-1300kJ·mol-1C3H8(g)+5O2(g)====3CO2(g)+4H2O(l)；ΔH=-2220.0kJ·mol-1C8H18(l)+25/2O2(g)====8CO2(g)+9H2O(l)；ΔH=-5518kJ·mol-1CH3OH(l)+3/2O2(g)====CO2(g)+2H2O(l)；ΔH=-725.8kJ·mol-1C2H5OH(l)+3O2(g)====2CO2(g)+3H2O(l)；ΔH=-1367kJ·mol-1C6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)====6CO2(g)+6H2O(l)；ΔH=-2800kJ·mol-1HH2(g)+Cl2(g)====2HCl(g)；ΔH=-184.6kJ·mol-12H2(g)+O2(g)====2H2O(g)；ΔH=-483.6mol·L-1H2(g)+1/2O2(g)====H2O(g)；ΔH=-241.8kJ·mol-12H2(g)+O2(g)====2H2O(l)；ΔH=-571.6kJ·mol-1H2(g)+1/2O2(g)====H2O(l)；ΔH=-285.8kJ·mol-12H2O(g)====2H2(g)+O2(g)；ΔH=+483.6kJ·mol-1H2O(g)====H2(g)+1/2O2(g)；ΔH=+241.8kJ·mol-12H2O(l)====2H2(g)+O2(g)；ΔH=+571.6kJ·mol-1H2O(l)====H2(g)+1/2O2(g)；ΔH=+285.8kJ·mol-1H2O(l)====H2O(g)；ΔH=+44　kJ·mol-1H2O(g)====H2O(l)；ΔH=-44　kJ·mol-1HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)====NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)；ΔH=-57.3　kJ·mol-1H+(aq)+OH-(aq)====H2O(l)；ΔH=-57.3　kJ·mol-1 NN2(g)+O2(g)====2NO(g)；ΔH=+180.7　kJ·mol-1N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)；ΔH=-92.4　kJ·mol-14NH3(g)+5O2(g)4NO(g)+6H2O(g)；ΔH=-907kJ·mol-12NO(g)+O2(g)====2NO2(g)；ΔH=-113kJ·mol-13NO2(g)+H2O(l)====2HNO3(l)+NO(g)；ΔH=-136kJ·mol-1N2H4(g)+O2(g)====N2(g)+2H2O(g)；ΔH=-534kJ·mol-1N2H4(l)+2H2O2(l)====N2(g)+4H2O(g)；ΔH=-641.6kJ·mol-12N2H4(g)+2NO2(g)====3N2(g)+4H2O(g)；ΔH=-1135.7kJ·mol-1PP4(白磷，s)====4P(红磷，s)；ΔH=-66.8kJ·mol-1SS(s)+O2(g)====SO2(g)；ΔH=-297　kJ·mol-1FeS2(s)+11/4O2(g)1/2Fe2O3(s)+2SO2(g)；ΔH=-853kJ·mol-1SO2(g)+1/2O2(g)SO3(g)；ΔH=-98.3　kJ·mol-1SO3(g)+H2O(l)====H2SO4(l)；ΔH=-130.3　kJ·mol-1三、有机反应方程式(一)烷烃CH4+2O2CO2+2H2OCH4+2Cl2CH2Cl2+2HClCH4+3Cl2CHCl3+3HClCH4+4Cl2CCl4+4HClCH4C+2H2(二)烯烃C2H4+3O22CO2+2H2OCH2＝CH2+Br2　CH2BrCH2BrCH＝CH2+H2OCH3CH2OH CH2＝CH2+H2CH3CH3CH2＝CH2+HClCH3CH2ClnCH2＝CH2(三)炔烃2C2H2+5O24CO2+2H2OCH≡CH+Br2CHBr＝CHBrCHBr＝CHBr+Br2CHBr2CHBr2CH≡CH+HClH2C=CHClCH≡CH+H2OCH3CHO(四)芳香烃2C6H6+15O212CO2+6H2O+Br2　　+HBr+HO－NO2+H2O+HO－SO3H+H2O+3H2+3HO－NO2+3H2O(五)石油C16H34C8H18+C8H16(六)卤代烃CH3CH2Br+H2OCH3CH2OH+HBrCH3CH2Br+NaOHCH2＝CH2+NaBr+H2O nH2C＝CHCl(七)醇类2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO+2H2O<1>2Cu+O22CuO<2>CH3CH2OH+CuOCH3CHO+H2O+CuCH3CH2OHCH2＝CH2↑+H2O2CH3CH2OHCH3CH2OCH2CH3+H2O(八)酚类+NaOH+H2O+H2O+H3O++CO2+H2O+NaHCO3+3Br2↓+3HBr(九)醛类CH3CHO+H2CH3CH2OH2CH3CHO+O22CH3COOHCH3CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OHCH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2OCH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O (十)羧酸CH3COOH+CH3CH2OHCH3COOCH2CH3+H2OHCOOH+CH3OHHCOOCH3+H2O(十一)糖类；CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+H2CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OHCH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OHCH2OH(CHOH)4COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2OCH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Cu(OH)2CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2OC6H12O62CH3CH2OH+2CO2C6H12O62CH3CHOHCOOHC12H22O11(蔗糖)+H2OC6H12O6(葡萄糖)+C6H12O6(果糖)C12H22O11(麦芽糖)+H2O2C6H12O6(葡萄糖)(C6H10O5)n(淀粉)+nH2OnC6H12O6(葡萄糖)(C6H10O5)n(纤维素)+nH2OnC6H12O6(葡萄糖)(十二)酯、油脂CH3COOCH2CH3+H2OCH3COOH+CH3CH2OH (十三)氨基酸++H2O++H2O++H2O++H2O四、离子方程式AAl2Al+6H+===2Al3++3H2↑2Al+2OH-+2H2O====2AlO2-+3H2↑Al3++3H2OAl(OH)3+3H+Al3++3OH-====Al(OH)3↓Al3++4OH-====AlO2-+2H2O3Al3++10OH-====2Al(OH)3↓+AlO2-+2H2O（当n(AlCl3)/n(NaOH)=3:10时）Al3++3NH3·H2O====Al(OH)3↓+3NH4+2Al3++3CO32-+3H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑Al3++3HCO3-====Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑ Al3++3HS-+3H2O====Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑2Al3++3S2-+6H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑Al3++3AlO2-+6H2O====4Al(OH)3↓2Al3++3SiO32-====Al2(SiO3)3↓AlO2-+2H2OAl(OH)3↓+OH-AlO2-+H++H2O====Al(OH)3↓AlO2-+4H+====Al3++2H2O9AlO2-+30H+====2Al(OH)3↓+7Al3++12H2O（当n(NaAlO2)/n(HCl)=3:10时）3AlO2-+Fe3++6H2O====Fe(OH)3↓+3Al(OH)3↓AlO2-+NH4++H2O====Al(OH)3↓+NH3↑AlO2-+HCO3-+H2O====Al(OH)3↓+CO32-2AlO2-+CO2+3H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+CO32-AlO2-+CO2+2H2O====Al(OH)3↓+HCO3-Al2O3+6H+====2Al3++3H2OAl2O3+2OH-====2AlO2-+H2OAl(OH)3+3H+====Al3++3H2OAl(OH)3+OH-====AlO2-+2H2OAgAg++H2OAgOH+H+Ag++NH3·H2O====AgOH↓+NH4+；Ag++2NH3·H2O====[Ag(NH3)2]++2H2OAg++Cl-====AgCl↓Ag++Br-====AgBr↓Ag++I-====AgI↓3Ag++PO43-====Ag3PO4↓2Ag++CO32-====Ag2CO3↓Ag2CO3+2H+====2Ag++CO2↑+H2OAg3PO4+3H+====3Ag++H3PO42Ag[(NH3)2]++2OH-+CH3CHOCH3COO-+NH4++2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O2Ag[(NH3)2]++2OH-+CH2OH(CHOH)4CHOCH2OH(CHOH)4COO-+NH4++2Ag↓+ 3NH3+H2OAsAs2O3+6Zn+12H+====2AsH3+6Zn2++3H2OAsO33-+I2+2OH-====AsO43-+2I-+H2OH3AsO4+2I-+2H+====H3AsO3+I2+H2OBBaBa2++SO42-====BaSO4↓Ba2++CO32-====BaCO3↓3Ba2++2PO43-====Ba3(PO4)2↓Ba2++2OH-+CO2====BaCO3↓+H2OBa2++2OH-+2H++SO42-====BaSO4↓+2H2O[Ba(OH)2少量]Ba2++OH-+H++SO42-====BaSO4↓+H2O　　[Ba(OH)2过量]BaCO3+2H+====Ba2++CO2↑+H2OBr2Br-+Cl2====2Cl-+Br2Br2+SO2+2H2O====2Br-+4H++SO42-4Br-+2Fe2++3Cl2====2Fe3++2Br2+6Cl-（足量Cl2）2Br-+2Fe2++2Cl2====2Fe3++Br2+4Cl-（当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=1:1时）　　　　　10Br-+6Fe2++8Cl2====6Fe3++5Br2+16Cl-（当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时）　　CCO32-、CO2CO32-+2Ag+====Ag2CO3↓CO32-+Ba2+====BaCO3↓CO32-+Ca2+====CaCO3↓CO32-+2H+====CO2↑+H2OCO32-+H2OHCO3-+OH-3CO32-+2Al3++3H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑3CO32-+2Fe3++3H2O====2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑ CO2+2AlO2-+3H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+CO32-CO2+AlO2-+2H2O====Al(OH)3↓+HCO3-CO2+OH-====HCO3-CO2+Ba2++2OH-====BaCO3↓+H2OCO2+2OH-====CO32-+H2O3CO2+5OH-====2CO32-+HCO3-+2H2O（当n(CO2)/n(NaOH)=3:5时）CO2+SiO32-+2H2O====H4SiO4↓+CO32-CaCa2++2OH-+CO2====CaCO3↓+H2OCa2++2OH-+SO2====CaSO3↓+H2OCa2++2ClO-+SO2+H2O====CaSO4↓+HClO+H++Cl-（少量SO2）Ca2++2ClO-+2SO2+2H2O====CaSO4↓+2Cl-+4H++SO42-（足量SO2）Ca2++2ClO-+CO2+H2O====CaCO3↓+2HClOCaCO3+2H+====Ca2++CO2↑+H2OClCl2+H2O====Cl-+H++HClOCl2+2OH-====Cl-+ClO-+H2OCl2+2I-====2Cl-+I2Cl2+H2SO3+H2O====2Cl-+SO42-+4H+Cl2+H2S====2Cl-+2H++S↓Cl2+2Fe2+====2Fe3++2Cl-（向FeBr2溶液中加少量Cl2）　　　3Cl2+2Fe2++4Br-====2Fe3++2Br2+6Cl-（向FeBr溶液中加足量Cl2）2Cl2+2Fe2++2Br-====2Fe3++Br2+4Cl-（当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=1:1时）　　　　　8Cl2+6Fe2++10Br-====6Fe3++5Br2+16Cl-（当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时）　　　Cl2+2I-====I2+2Cl-（向FeI2溶液中通入少量Cl2）　　　　　3Cl2+2Fe2++4I-====2Fe3++2I2+6Cl-（足量Cl2）4Cl2+2Fe2++6I-====2Fe3++3I2+8Cl-（当n(FeI2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时）　　　　　　2Cl-+4H++MnO2====Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2OCl-+Ag+====AgCl↓ClO-+H+====HClO ClO-+SO2+H2O====2H++Cl-+SO42-ClO-+H2OHClO+OH-CN-CN-+H2OHCN+OH-CrCr2O72-+6Fe2++14H+====6Fe3++2Cr3++7H2OCuCu+2Fe3+====2Fe2++Cu2+3Cu+2NO3-+8H+====3Cu2++2NO↑+4H2OCu2++2H2OCu(OH)2+2H+Cu2++2NH3·H2O====Cu(OH)2↓+2NH4+Cu2++4NH3·H2O====[Cu(NH3)4]2++4H2OCu2++2Na+2H2O====2Na++Cu(OH)2↓+H2↑Cu2++H2S====2H++CuS↓Cu2++Fe====Cu+Fe2+Cu2++2OH-====Cu(OH)2↓CuO+2H+====Cu2++H2OCxHyOzC6H5O-+H2OC6H5OH+OH-C6H5O-+CO2+H2O====C6H5OH+HCO3-6C6H5OH+Fe3+====[Fe(C6H5O)6]3-(紫色溶液)+6H+CH3CHO+2Ag[(NH3)2]++2OH-CH3COO-+NH4++2Ag↓+3NH3+H2OCH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O2CH3COOH+CaCO3====2CH3COO-+Ca2++CO2↑+H2OCH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Ag[(NH3)2]++2OH-CH2OH(CHOH)4COO-+NH4++2Ag↓+3NH3+H2OCH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Cu(OH)2CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O5C2H4+12MnO4-+36H+====12Mn2++10CO2↑+28H2O5C2O42-+2MnO4-+16H+====2Mn2++10CO2↑+8H2O FF22F2+2H2O====4HF+O2↑FeFe+2H+====Fe2++H2↑Fe+Cu2+====Fe2++CuFe+2Fe3+====3Fe2+Fe2++2OH-====Fe(OH)2↓2Fe2++Cl2====2Fe3++2Cl-2Fe2++Br2====2Fe3++2Br-4Fe2++O2+4H+====4Fe3++2H2O12Fe2++3O2+6H2O====8Fe3++4Fe(OH)3↓2Fe2++H2O2+2H+====2Fe3++2H2O6Fe2++Cr2O72-+14H+====6Fe3++2Cr3++7H2O5Fe2++MnO4-+8H+====5Fe3++Mn2++4H2O3Fe2++NO3-+4H+====3Fe3++NO↑+2H2OFe2++S2-====FeS↓2Fe2++Cl2====2Fe3++2Cl-(向FeBr2溶液中通入少量Cl2)　　　2Fe2++4Br-+3Cl2====2Fe3++2Br2+6Cl-(足量Cl2)2Fe2++2Br-+2Cl2====2Fe3++Br2+4Cl-（当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=1:1时）　　　　　6Fe2++10Br-+8Cl2====6Fe3++5Br2+16Cl-（当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时）　　　2Fe2++4I-+3Cl2====2Fe3++2I2+6Cl-（向FeI2溶液中足量Cl2）2Fe2++6I-+4Cl2====2Fe3++3I2+8Cl-（当n(FeI2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时）　Fe3++3OH-====Fe(OH)3↓2Fe3++Cu====2Fe2++Cu2+2Fe3++Fe====3Fe2+2Fe3++Zn====2Fe2++Zn2+2Fe3++3Zn====2Fe+3Zn2+Fe3++3HCO3-====Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑Fe3++3AlO2-+6H2O====Fe(OH)3↓+3Al(OH)3↓ 2Fe3++3CO32-+3H2O====2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑2Fe3++H2S====2Fe2++S↓+2H+2Fe3++S2-====2Fe2++S↓2Fe3++2I-====2Fe2++I22Fe3++SO2+2H2O====2Fe2++SO42-+4H+Fe3++3SCN-====Fe(SCN)3(红色溶液)Fe3++6C6H5OH====[Fe(C6H5O)6]3-(紫色溶液)+6H+Fe3++3H2OFe(OH)3(胶体)+3H+FeO+2H+====Fe2++H2OFe2O3+6H+====2Fe3++3H2OFe3O4+8H+====Fe2++2Fe3++4H2OFeS+2H+====Fe2++H2S↑HH+H++OH-====H2OH2O2H2O+2Na====2Na++2OH-+H2↑2H2O+2Na2O2====4Na++4OH-+O2↑H2O+Na2O====2Na++2OH-H2O+Cl2====Cl-+H++HClOH2O2H2O2+2I-+2H+====I2+2H2OH2O2+2Fe2++2H+====2Fe3++2H2O5H2O2+2MnO4-+6H+====2Mn2++5O2↑+8H2OH2O2+Cl2====2H++2Cl-+O2↑H2O2+SO2====2H++SO42-H2CO3系列H2CO3H++HCO3- HCO3-H++CO32-H2O+CO32-HCO3-+OH-HCO3-+H2OH2CO3+OH-HCO3-+OH-====CO32-+H2OHCO3-+H+====CO2↑+H2O3HCO3-+Al3+====Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑3HCO3-+Fe3+====Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑2HCO3-+Ca2++2OH-====CaCO3↓+2H2O+CO32-（向NaHCO3溶液中加入少量澄清石灰水）HCO3-+Ca2++OH-====CaCO3↓+H2O（足量澄清石灰水）HCO3-+Ca2++OH-====CaCO3↓+H2O（向Ca(HCO3)2溶液中加入少量NaOH溶液）2HCO3-+Ca2++2OH-====CaCO3↓+2H2O+CO32-（Ca(HCO3)2溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液）HCO3-+OH-====CO32-+H2O（向NH4HCO3溶液中加入少量NaOH溶液）HCO3-+NH4++2OH-====CO32-+H2O+NH3·H2O（向NH4HCO3溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液）2HCO3-+SO2====SO32-+2CO2↑+H2OHCO3-+AlO2-+H2O====Al(OH)3↓+CO32-H3PO4系列H3PO4H++H2PO4-H2PO4-H++HPO42-HPO42-H++PO43-H3PO4+OH-====H2PO4-+H2OH2PO4-+OH-====HPO42-+H2OHPO42-+OH-====PO43-+H2OPO43-+H2OHPO42-+OH-HPO42-+H2OH2PO4-+OH-H2PO4-+H2OH3PO4+OH-H++PO43-====HPO42-H++HPO42-====H2PO4-H++H2PO4-====H3PO4H2S系列H2SH++HS- HS-H++S2-H++S2-====HS-H++HS-====H2SH2O+S2-HS-+OH-HS-+H2OH2S+OH-H2S+OH-====HS-+H2OHS-+OH-====S2-+H2OH2S+Cl2====2Cl-+2H++S↓2H2S+SO2====3S↓+2H2O2H2S+O2====2S↓+2H2OH2S+Cu2+====2H++CuS↓H2S+(CH3COO)2Pb====PbS↓+2CH3COOHH2S+2OH-====S2-+2H2O3HS-+Al3++3H2O====Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑H2SO3系列H2SO3H++HSO3-HSO3-H++SO32-HSO3-+H2OH2SO3+OH-HSO3-+OH-====SO32-+H2OHSO3-+H+====SO2↑+H2OH2SO3+Cl2+H2O====2Cl-+SO42-+4H+I2I-+2Fe3+====2Fe2++I22I-+Cl2====2Cl-+I22I-+Br2====2Br-+I2I-+Ag+====AgI↓2I-+H2O2+2H+====I2+2H2O5I-+IO3-+6H+====3I2+3H2OI2+2OH-====I-+IO-+H2OI2+5Cl2+6H2O====12H++10Cl-+2IO3- L2Li+2H2O====2Li++2OH-+H2↑Li2CO3+2H+====2Li++CO2↑+H2OMMgMg+2H+====Mg2++H2↑Mg2++2OH-====Mg(OH)2↓Mg2++CO32-====MgCO3↓MgCO3+2H+====Mg2++CO2↑+H2OMgO+2H+====Mg2++H2OMg(OH)2+2H+====Mg2++2H2OMnMnO2+2Cl-+4H+====Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2OMnO4-+5Fe2++8H+====5Fe3++Mn2++4H2O2MnO4-+5SO2+2H2O====2Mn2++5SO42-+4H+2MnO4-+5H2O2+6H+====2Mn2++5O2↑+8H2O12MnO4-+5C2H4+36H+====12Mn2++10CO2↑+28H2O2MnO4-+5C2O42-+16H+====2Mn2++10CO2↑+8H2ONNa2Na+2H2O====2Na++2OH-+H2↑2Na+Cu2++2H2O====2Na++Cu(OH)2↓+H2↑NH3系列NH4++H2ONH3·H2O+H+2NH4++SiO32-+H2O====H4SiO4↓+2NH3↑NH4++AlO2-+H2O====Al(OH)3↓+NH3↑NH4++HCO3-+2OH-====CO32-+H2O+NH3.H2O（向NH4HCO3溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液）NH3+H2ONH3·H2O NH3·H2ONH4++OH-NH3·H2O+Ag+====AgOH↓+NH4+；2AgOH====Ag2O+H2O(AgNO3溶液中加入少量氨水)2NH3·H2O+Ag+====[Ag(NH3)2]++2H2O(足量氨水)2NH3·H2O+Cu2+====Cu(OH)2↓+2NH4+(向CuSO4溶液中加入少量氨水)4NH3·H2O+Cu2+====[Cu(NH3)4]2++4H2O(足量氨水)2NH3·H2O+Zn2+====Zn(OH)2↓+2NH4+(向ZnCl2溶液中加入少量氨水)4NH3·H2O+Zn2+====[Zn(NH3)4]2++4H2O(足量氨水)3NH3·H2O+Al3+====Al(OH)3↓+3NH4+NO2-、NO3-2NO2-+2I-+4H+====2NO↑+I2+2H2O5NO2-+2MnO4-+6H+====2Mn2++5NO3-+3H2ONO3-+3Fe2++4H+====3Fe3++NO↑+2H2O2NO3-+3SO2+2H2O====3SO42-+2NO+4H+2NO3-+3Cu+8H+====3Cu2++2NO↑+4H2OOOH-、O2、O3OH-+H+====H2OOH-+CO2====HCO3-O2+2H2S====2S↓+2H2OO2+2S2-+4H+====2S↓+2H2OO2+2HS-+2H+====2S↓+2H2OO2+4Fe2++4H+====4Fe3++2H2O3O2+12Fe2++6H2O====8Fe3++4Fe(OH)3↓O2+2SO32-====2SO42-O3+2I-+2H+====I2+O2+H2OPPO43-+3Ag+====Ag3PO4↓2PO43-+3Ba2+====Ba3(PO4)2↓2PO43-+3Ca2+====Ca3(PO4)2↓ 2PO43-+3Mg2+====Mg3(PO4)2↓PO43-+H+====HPO42-PO43-+2H+====H2PO4-PO43-+3H+====H3PO4Pb2++SO42-====PbSO4↓Pb2++S2-====PbS↓PbO2+2Cl-+4H+====Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S====PbS↓+2CH3COOHSS3S+6OH-====2S2-+SO32-+3H2OS2-+H2OHS-+OH-3S2-+2Al3++6H2O====2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑S2-+2Fe3+====2Fe2++S↓SO2+Ca2++2ClO-+H2O====CaSO4↓+HClO+H++Cl-（少量SO2）2SO2+Ca2++2ClO-+2H2O====CaSO4↓+2Cl-+4H++SO42-（足量SO2）SO2+2Fe3++2H2O====2Fe2++SO42-+4H+SO2+2HCO3-====SO32-+2CO2↑+H2OSO2+2OH-====SO32-+H2OSO2+OH-====HSO3-SO2+Br2+2H2O====2Br-+4H++SO42-SO2+I2+2H2O====2I-+4H++SO42-SO2+H2O2====2H++SO42-3SO2+2NO3-+2H2O====3SO42-+2NO↑+4H+SO2+ClO-+H2O====2H++Cl-+SO42-SO2+2H2S====3S↓+2H2OSO2+H2OH2SO35SO2+2MnO4-+2H2O====2Mn2++5SO42-+4H+SO32-+2H+====SO2↑+H2OSO32-+H2OHSO3-+OH- SO42-+Ba2+====BaSO4↓SO42-+2H++Ba2++2OH-====BaSO4↓+2H2O（NaHSO4足量）SO42-+H++Ba2++OH-====BaSO4↓+H2O　（NaHSO4少量）S2O32-+2H+S↓+SO2↑+H2OSiSi+2OH-+H2O====SiO32-+2H2↑SiO2+2OH-====SiO32-+H2OSiO32-+2NH4++H2O====H4SiO4↓+2NH3↑SiO32-+CO2+2H2O====H4SiO4↓+CO32-SiO32-+2H++H2O====H4SiO4↓3SiO32-+2Fe3+==Fe2(SiO3)3↓3SiO32-+2Al3+==Al2(SiO3)3↓ZZnZn+2H+====Zn2++H2↑Zn+2OH-====ZnO22-+H2↑Zn+2Fe3+====2Fe2++Zn2+（少量锌片）3Zn+2Fe3+====2Fe+3Zn2+（过量锌片）Zn2++2H2OZn(OH)2+2H+Zn2++2OH-====Zn(OH)2↓Zn2++2NH3·H2O====Zn(OH)2↓+2NH4+（少量氨水）Zn2++4NH3·H2O====[Zn(NH3)4]2++4H2O（足量氨水）Zn(OH)2+2H+====Zn2++2H2OZn(OH)2+2OH-====ZnO22-+2H2OZnO+2H+====Zn2++H2OZnO+2OH-====ZnO22-+H2O 五、电极方程式(一)原电池电极方程式1．Cu─H2SO4─Zn原电池正极:2H++2e-==H2↑负极:Zn-2e-==Zn2+总反应式:Zn+2H+====Zn2++H2↑2．Cu─FeCl3─C原电池正极:2Fe3++2e-==2Fe2+负极:Cu-2e-==Cu2+　总反应式:2Fe3++Cu====2Fe2++Cu2+　　　　　3．钢铁在潮湿的空气中发生吸氧腐蚀正极:O2+2H2O+4e-4OH-负极:2Fe-4e-2Fe2+总反应式:2Fe+O2+2H2O2Fe(OH)2　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　4．氢氧燃料电池（中性介质）正极:O2+2H2O+4e-==4OH-负极:2H2-4e-4H+总反应式:2H2+O22H2O5．氢氧燃料电池（酸性介质）正极:O2+4H++4e-==2H2O负极:2H2-4e-==4H+总反应式:2H2+O22H2O6．氢氧燃料电池（碱性介质）正极:O2+2H2O+4e-==4OH-负极:2H2-4e-+4OH-==4H2O总反应式:2H2+O2==2H2O7．铅蓄电池（放电）正极(PbO2):PbO2+2e-+SO42-+4H+==PbSO4+2H2O 负极(Pb):Pb-2e-+SO42-PbSO4总反应式:Pb+PbO2+4H++2SO42-==2PbSO4+2H2O　　　　　　　　　8．Al─NaOH─Mg原电池正极:6H2O+6e-==3H2↑+6OH-负极:2Al-6e-+8OH-2AlO2-+4H2O总反应式:2Al+2OH-+2H2O==2AlO2-+3H2↑9．CH4燃料电池(碱性介质)正极:2O2+4H2O+8e-==8OH-负极:CH4-8e-+10OH-CO32-+7H2O总反应式:CH4+2O2+2OH-==CO32-+3H2O10．熔融碳酸盐燃料电池（Li2CO3和Na2CO3熔融盐作电解液，CO作燃料）:正极:O2+2CO2+4e-2CO32-(持续补充CO2气体)负极:2CO+2CO32--4e-4CO2总反应式:2CO+O2==2CO211．银锌纽扣电池(碱性介质)正极(Ag2O):Ag2O+H2O+2e-====2Ag+2OH-负极(Zn):Zn+2OH--2e-====ZnO+H2O总反应式:Zn+Ag2O====ZnO+2Ag(二)电解电极方程式1．电解CuCl2溶液阳极:2Cl--2e-==Cl2↑阴极:Cu2++2e-==Cu总反应式:2Cl-+Cu2+Cl2↑+Cu2．电解精炼铜阳极（粗铜）:Cu-2e-Cu2+阴极(纯铜):Cu2++2e-Cu总反应式:无 3．电镀铜阳极（纯铜）:Cu-2e-Cu2+阴极（待镀金属，如Fe）:Cu2++2e-Cu总反应式:无4．电解饱和食盐水阳极:2Cl--2e-Cl2↑阴极:2H2O+2e-H2↑+2OH-总反应式:2Cl-+2H2OH2↑+Cl2↑+2OH-5．电解HCl溶液阳极:2Cl--2e-Cl2↑阴极:2H++2e-==H2↑总反应式:2Cl-+2H+Cl2↑+H2↑6．电解NaOH溶液阳极:4OH--4e-==O2↑+2H2O阴极:4H2O+4e-2H2↑+4OH-总反应式:2H2O2H2↑+O2↑7．电解H2SO4溶液阳极:2H2O-4e-O2↑+4H+阴极:4H++4e-==2H2↑总反应式:2H2O2H2↑+O2↑8．电解KNO3溶液阳极:2H2O-4e-O2↑+4H+阴极:4H2O+4e-2H2↑+4OH-总反应式:2H2O2H2↑+O2↑9．电解CuSO4溶液阳极:2H2O-4e-==O2↑+4H+阴极:2Cu2++4e-2Cu总反应式:2Cu2++2H2O2Cu+O2↑+4H+ 10．电解AgNO3溶液阳极:2H2O-4e-O2↑+4H+阴极:4Ag++4e-==4Ag总反应式:4Ag++2H2O4Ag+O2↑+4H+11．铅蓄电池（充电）阳极:PbSO4-2e-+2H2O==PbO2+SO42-+4H+阴极:PbSO4+2e-Pb+SO42-总反应式:2PbSO4+2H2OPb+PbO2+4H++2SO42-