适用于新高考新教材2024版高考英语二轮复习专项能力提升练阅读理解考点分类练12主旨大意题3（附解析）

考点分类练(十二)　主旨大意题(3)(限时:25分钟)Passage1(2023江西吉安一模)Parentsandteachersworryaboutthelossoflearningcausedbythepandemicandwanttocatchupimmediately.Butit’sunrealistictothinkthatafewmonthswillfullyclosethegaps.Educatorstendtounderestimatetheimportanceofknowledge,asthoughrote(死记硬背)teachingharmsteachinghigher-orderthinking.Butscienceshowsotherwise.Theprocessesthatteacherscareaboutmost,likecriticalthinking,arecloselyinterconnectedwithfactualknowledgestoredinlong-termmemory.Yetwecontinuetoromanticizeanimpossibleshortcut:teachingcriticalthinkingasifitwereauniversallyapplicableskill.Takethesubjectofreading,whichschoolsseeasthinkingskillsthatcanbetaughtdirectly:Iwillteachstudentswhataninferenceis.Actually,studentsmakeinferenceswhentheycanreadfluentlyandhavethevocabularyandbackgroundknowledgetonamewhatisunsaid.Educatorsalsooftenunderestimatememory.CognitivescientistPaulKirschnerarguesthatbuildingmemoryis“theaimofallteaching”andthat“ifnothinghaschangedinlong-termmemory,nothinghasbeenlearned”.Attheendofalesson,ifstudentsappeartounderstandanidea,theirteachermaythink,“Great,theyreallyunderstandthepoint.”Butifweekslater,thestudentsforgetit,learninghasnotreallyoccurred.Finally,wemustconsiderstudents’emotionalneeds.Belongingisoneofthemostprofoundhumanemotions.Consideraclassroominwhichstudentsaresocializedtocomment:“IagreewithCassidyandwanttoprovideanotherexample.”ThatconveystoCassidythathercommentsweremeaningful.Thiswouldalsobeachievedif,whenCassidyisspeaking,herclassmatesarelookingather,noddingandsendingpositivenonverbalsocialsignalsthattheyvalueherwords.Onlypeerscanprovidethissenseofbelonging,butteacherscancultivatetheenvironment. Allinall,ifwewanttobenefitstudents,wemustgroundourteachinginthesciencethatvalueknowledgeandmemory,andtherolethatbelongingplaysinstudents’study.1.Whatcanweknowaboutcriticalthinkingaccordingtothepassage?A.Itcanbetaughtdirectly.B.Itisgraduallyformed.C.Itisdeeplyrootedinreading.D.Itisuniversallyapplicable.2.AccordingtoPaulKirschner,whendoesreallearninghappen?A.Whenstudentsperformwellinclassactivities.B.Whenstudentsunderstandwhathasbeentaught.C.Whenstudentsachievechangesinlong-termmemory.D.Whenstudentsstarttoforgetunnecessaryinformation.3.Whatisthemainideaofparagraph5?A.Nonverbalsocialsignalsmatterinclass.B.Beingsociableintheclassroomisimportant.C.Studentsshouldsupporteachotherinclassdiscussions.D.Classroomsarewherethefeelingofbelongingisdeveloped.4.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.Tourgeschoolstoteachmoreknowledge.B.Toshowconcernabouttheinfluenceofthepandemic.C.Topromotehigher-orderthinkinglikecriticalthinking.D.Tosuggestascientificwaytocatchupthelossoflearning.Passage2(2023辽宁鞍山二模)Somepeopleworryaboutrobotstakingworkawayfromhumanbeings,butthereareafewjobsthateventhesepeopleadmitmostofuswouldnotwant.Oneiscleaningupradioactivewaste,particularlywhenitisinsideanuclearpowerstation.So,sendintherobots?In2011theFukushimaDaiichinuclearpowerstationinJapansufferedaseriesofmeltdownsafteritssafetysystemsfailedfollowingatsunami.Robotswerethensentintoittomonitorradiationlevelsandstartcleaning thingsup.Manygotstuck,brokedownorhadtheircircuitsfriedbytheintenseradiation.StoppingsuchthingshappeningagainispartoftheworkoftheNationalCentreforNuclearRobotics(NCNR).ItisledbyRustamStolkinoftheUniversityofBirmingham,anditspurposeistoimprovetheroutineuseofroboticsinnuclearpowerstations.OneproblemwiththerobotssentintotheruinsofFukushimaDaiichiwasthattheywerenotparticularlyclever.Mostwereoperatedbysomeoneatasafedistance.Suchmachines’armsaretrickytomoveaccuratelywhenviewedviaavideoscreen.Dr.Stolkinbelievestheansweristoequipthemwithartificialintelligence(AI),sothattheycanoperatebythemselves.Thenuclearindustry,however,isextremelyprudent.So,forthemoment,AIisneededtoassisthumanoperators.Forexample,insteadofrelyingonaremotehumanoperatortooperateallitscontrols,anAI-equippedrobotfacedwithapileofdifferentobjectstomovewoulduseacameratounderstandthoseobjects’shapesandpositionsrelativetooneanother.Itcouldthenplanhowbesttograspeachobjectandmoveittoaproperlydesigneddisposalskip.OthermembersofNCNRareexaminingdifferentaspectsoftheproblem.AttheUniversityofBristol,TomScottleadsagroupworkingonmeansforrobotstoidentifymaterials,includingvarioussortsofplastic.GerhardNeumannoftheUniversityofLincolnisdevelopingadvancednavigationsystems.Andtoensurerobots’circuitsdon’tgetfried,KlausMcDonaldMaierattheUniversityofEssexisdevelopingelectronicstofightagainsttheeffectsofradiation.5.HowdidtherobotsperformatFukushimaDaiichiin2011?A.Theywerenotcapableofthetask.B.Theycleanedupthewasteintime.C.Theywerenotaffectedbyradiation.D.Theyfoundithardtoidentifymaterials.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prudent”inparagraph4probablymean?A.Admiring.B.Cautious.C.Successful.D.Independent.7.Whichuniversityistryingtohelprobotsfindoutwhatobjectsaremadeof?A.TheUniversityofBirmingham. B.TheUniversityofLincoln.C.TheUniversityofBristol.D.TheUniversityofEssex.8.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.WillAIrobotsthreatenmorejobs?B.Couldrobotsreplacehumanbeings?C.Extremerobotics:cleaningupnuclearwasteD.Nuclearrobotics:speedinguptheexplorationPassage3(2023福建福州二模)InAugust,JasonM.Allen’spiece“TheatreD’opéraSpatial”—whichhecreatedwithAIimagegeneratorMidjourney—wonfirstplaceintheemergingartistdivision’s“digitalartsphotography”categoryattheColoradoStateFairFineArtsCompetition.Thedefinitionforthecategorystatesthatdigitalartreferstoworksthatuse“digitaltechnologyaspartofthecreativeprocess”.Allen’saward-winningimagehasledtodebatesaboutwhat,exactly,itmeanstobeanartistandwhetherAIcantrulymakeart.“Itfeltbadfortheexactsamereasonwedon’tletrobotsparticipateintheOlympics,”oneTwitteruserwrote.“Thisistheliteraldefinitionof‘pressedafewbuttonstomakeadigitalartpiece’,”anothertweeted.YetwhileAllendidn’tuseapaintbrush,therewasplentyofworkinvolved,hesaid.First,heplayedaroundwithphrasingthatledMidjourneytogenerateimagesofwomeninelegantdressesandspacehelmets,inanattempttomixVictorian-stylecostumingwithspacethemes.Overtime,withmanyslightchangestohiswrittenprompt(提示符),hecreated900differentversionsofwhatledtohisfinalimage.ThenheimproveditsresolutionthroughGigapixelAIandfinallyhadtheimagesprinted.AllenisgladthedebateoverwhetherAIcanbeusedtomakeartisattractingsomuchattention.“Ratherthanhatingonthetechnology,weneedtorecognizethatit’sapowerfultoolanduseitforgoodsowecanallmoveforward,”Allensaid.CalDuran,oneofthejudgesforthecompetition,saidthatwhileAllen’spieceincludedamentionofAI,hedidn’trealizethatwhenjudgingit.Still,hesticksbyhisdecisiontoawarditfirstplace.“IthinktheAItechnologymaygivemore opportunitiestopeoplewhomaynotfindthemselvesartistsintheconventionalway,”hesaid.9.WhyhasJason’sworkledtodebates?A.Itwasacopyofaphotograph.B.Hechallengedtheolderartists.C.ItwascreatedwiththehelpofAI.D.Hebroketheruleofthecompetition.10.WhatcanbestdescribeAllen’screatingprocess?A.Cooperative.B.Energy-consuming.C.Straightforward.D.Imagination-lacking.11.WhatcanwelearnaboutAIfromthelastparagraph?A.Itisadouble-edgedsword.B.Itattractsconventionalartists.C.Itstrikesartjudgesasnosurprise.D.Itmayopenanewworldtoartists.12.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.AtrendtobeAIartists.B.AnAI-generatedartcontest.C.ResponsestoawinningAIartwork.D.Curiosityaboutanimagegenerator.答案：考点分类练(十二)　主旨大意题(3)Passage1[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了疫情后如何科学弥补学生学习缺漏。作者认为只教授思辨性思维等高阶思维技巧是不可行的,强调了基础知识、长期记忆和情感归属感对学生学习的重要性。1.B　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Theprocessesthatteacherscareaboutmost,likecriticalthinking,arecloselyinterconnectedwithfactualknowledgestoredinlong-termmemory.”及第三段中的举例“Takethesubjectofreading,whichschoolsseeasthinkingskillsthatcanbetaughtdirectly:Iwillteachstudentswhataninferenceis. Actually,studentsmakeinferenceswhentheycanreadfluentlyandhavethevocabularyandbackgroundknowledgetonamewhatisunsaid.”可知,思辨性思维是在长期习得的知识的基础上形成的。2.C　细节理解题。根据第四段中“CognitivescientistPaulKirschnerarguesthatbuildingmemoryis‘theaimofallteaching’andthat‘ifnothinghaschangedinlong-termmemory,nothinghasbeenlearned’.”可知,PaulKirschner认为真正的学习发生在学生的长期记忆有所变化时。3.D　主旨大意题。根据第五段内容可知,第五段阐述了疫情后,课堂中应关注学生的归属感,以及在课堂中哪些情境可以帮助学生培养归属感。老师们可以努力去创设这种教学情境。因此,本段主要讲述课堂是培养学生归属感的地方。4.D　推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句中的“closethegaps”及最后一段可知,学校应重视学生的基础知识、长期记忆和归属感。因此本文的目的是推荐一种科学的弥补学习缺漏的方法。Passage2[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了机器人可以应用于清理核废料的工作,介绍了其工作过程以及这一项目其他不同的研究领域。5.A　细节理解题。根据第三段中“OneproblemwiththerobotssentintotheruinsofFukushimaDaiichiwasthattheywerenotparticularlyclever.Mostwereoperatedbysomeoneatasafedistance.Suchmachines’armsaretrickytomoveaccuratelywhenviewedviaavideoscreen.”可知,2011年,机器人在福岛第一核电站没有能力完成任务。6.B　词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“So,forthemoment,AIisneededtoassisthumanoperators...woulduseacameratounderstandthoseobjects’shapesandpositionsrelativetooneanother.”可知,核工业不是完全由机器人来操作的,需要人工智能来协助人类操作员,可见非常谨慎。故画线词意思是“谨慎的”。7.C　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“AttheUniversityofBristol,TomScottleadsagroupworkingonmeansforrobotstoidentifymaterials,includingvarioussortsofplastic.”可知,布里斯托尔大学正试图帮助机器人辨识物体的构成。8.C　主旨大意题。文章主要说明了机器人可以应用于清理核废料的工作,介绍了其工作过程以及这一项目其他不同的研究领域,可知C选项“从事极端工作机器人:清理核废料”最符合文章标题。Passage3[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章呈现了在人工智能帮助下获奖艺术作品的出现引发的辩论。 9.C　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Allen’saward-winningimagehasledtodebatesaboutwhat,exactly,itmeanstobeanartistandwhetherAIcantrulymakeart.”可推测,人们争论的点是艺术家意味着什么,以及人工智能能否创造艺术,即他的艺术获奖作品是在人工智能的帮助下完成的这件事情导致了争论。10.A　推理判断题。根据第三段中“First,heplayedaroundwithphrasingthatledMidjourneytogenerateimagesofwomeninelegantdressesandspacehelmets,inanattempttomixVictorian-stylecostumingwithspacethemes.”以及最后一句“ThenheimproveditsresolutionthroughGigapixelAIandfinallyhadtheimagesprinted.”可以看出,他的作品是通过他和两种人工智能一起合作而成,即cooperative“合作的,协作的”。11.D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Still,hesticksbyhisdecisiontoawarditfirstplace.‘IthinktheAItechnologymaygivemoreopportunitiestopeoplewhomaynotfindthemselvesartistsintheconventionalway,’hesaid.”可推测,在这位评委看来,人工智能给艺术和艺术家提供了更多机会,换言之,可能打开艺术新世界的大门。12.C　主旨大意题。根据第二段第一句“Allen’saward-winningimagehasledtodebatesaboutwhat,exactly,itmeanstobeanartistandwhetherAIcantrulymakeart.”,第四段第一句“AllenisgladthedebateoverwhetherAIcanbeusedtomakeartisattractingsomuchattention.”以及最后一段中“Still,hesticksbyhisdecisiontoawarditfirstplace.‘IthinktheAItechnologymaygivemoreopportunitiestopeoplewhomaynotfindthemselvesartistsintheconventionalway,’hesaid.”可知,本文主要呈现的是这幅在人工智能帮助下完成的艺术作品获奖后引起的辩论,即不同人对此不同的回应。词汇积累:1.(Passage1)catchup赶上2.(Passage1)underestimatevt.低估3.(Passage1)showotherwise显示并非如此4.(Passage1)careabout关心5.(Passage1)criticalthinking批判性思维6.(Passage1)allinall总而言之7.(Passage2)equip...with...用……装备……8.(Passage2)forthemoment暂时 9.(Passage3)inanattempttodosth.试图做某事10.(Passage3)conventionaladj.常规的熟词生义:(Passage2)monitorvt.监视长难句分析:(Passage1)Takethesubjectofreading,whichschoolsseeasthinkingskillsthatcanbetaughtdirectly:Iwillteachstudentswhataninferenceis.分析:本句为复合句。whichschoolsseeasthinkingskillsthatcanbetaughtdirectly为which引导的非限制性定语从句,该从句中又含有that引导的定语从句thatcanbetaughtdirectly;whataninferenceis为what引导的宾语从句。句意:以阅读为例,学校认为阅读是一种可以直接教授的思维技能:我会教学生什么是推理。