初中英语2025届中考语法复习句子成分讲解和练习
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中考英语语法复习句子成分讲解和练习一、讲解1.主语(Subject)是句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等充当。【例】Nouns(名词):Thebookisonthetable.(“book”是主语,它是一个名词,表示句子所描述的对象是“书”)Pronouns(代词):Helikesreading.(“He”是主语,指代人)Gerunds(动名词):Swimmingisgoodexercise.(“Swimming”是主语,是一种动作行为,在这里作主语表示“游泳这个行为”)2.谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。由动词或动词短语构成。【例】Shesingsbeautifully.(“sings”是谓语,描述主语“she”的动作)Theyarehappy.(“are”是系动词,和“happy”一起构成谓语,说明主语“they”的状态)3.宾语(Object)表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词或介词之后。可以是名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等。【例】DirectObject(直接宾语):Heboughtabook.(“book”是直接宾语,是动词“bought”的对象)IndirectObject(间接宾语):Shegavemeapen.(“me”是间接宾语,“pen”是直接宾语,间接宾语通常表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的)4.表语(Predicative)用在系动词(如be,look,sound,feel,smell,taste,become,get等)之后,说明主语的身份、特征或状态。可以是名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等。【例】Sheisateacher.(“ateacher”是表语,说明主语“she”的身份)Thesouptastesdelicious.(“delicious”是表语,说明主语“soup”的特征)5.定语(Attribute)用来修饰名词或代词,说明人或事物的性质、特征、数量等。可以是形容词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等。【例】Thebeautifulgirlismysister.(“beautiful”是定语,修饰名词“girl”,说明女孩的特征)Ihavealotofbooks.(“alotof”是定语,修饰名词“books”,说明书的数量)6.状语(Adverbial)用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、程度等。可以是副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句等。【例】Herunsfast.(“fast”是状语,修饰动词“runs”,说明动作的程度)Shewenttoschoolearlyinthemorning.(“earlyinthemorning”5,是状语,说明动作发生的时间)7.表语(Predicative)表语的位置与功能:表语紧跟在系动词之后,其核心作用是对主语进行补充说明,让主语的特征、状态、身份等信息更加清晰。除了前面提到的常见类型,还有一些特殊情况。分词作表语:现在分词和过去分词都能充当表语。现在分词作表语时,主语多为物,描述主语具有的特征,通常具有“令人……”的含义。例如,Themovieisreallyexciting.(这部电影真令人兴奋。“exciting”说明电影本身具有让人兴奋的特质)过去分词作表语时,主语常为人,强调主语的感受或所处状态,意思是“感到……”。如,Iaminterestedinthisstory.(我对这个故事感兴趣。“interested”体现出“我”的感受)从句作表语(表语从句):表语从句放在系动词后,充当句子的表语。引导词有that(无实际意义,在句中不充当成分,但不能省略)、if/whether(是否)、连接代词(what,who,whom,whose,which)和连接副词(when,where,why,how)等。例如,Thetruthisthathehasneverbeentotheplace.(事实是他从未去过那个地方。“thathehasneverbeentotheplace”整个从句作表语,对“truth”进行解释说明);Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishtheworkontime.(问题是我们是否能按时完成工作。“whetherwecanfinishtheworkontime”作表语,表明“question”的具体内容)8.同位语(Appositive)同位语的定义与作用:同位语是对前面的名词或代词作进一步解释,说明其具体内容,在语法上与所修饰的词地位等同。它可以使句子所表达的信息更加详细、具体。名词或名词短语作同位语:最常见的情况是名词或名词短语紧跟在被解释说明的词之后。例如,MyfriendTomisaverykindperson.(“Tom”是“Myfriend”的同位语,进一步明确朋友的名字);Thecity,abeautifulcoastalcity,attractsmanytouristseveryyear.(“abeautifulcoastalcity”是“Thecity”的同位语,对这座城市的特点进行补充说明)代词作同位语:代词也能充当同位语,对前面的名词或代词进行强调。如,Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(“students”是“We”的同位语,强调“我们”的身份是学生);Theythemselvescompletedthedifficulttask.(“themselves”是“They”的同位语,起到强调“他们自己”的作用)从句作同位语(同位语从句):同位语从句用于对抽象名词(如fact,news,idea,belief,doubt等)作进一步解释说明。引导词通常为that(that在从句中不充当成分,但不能省略),有时也用whether,who,when,where等。例如,Thenewsthatourteamwonthegamespreadquickly.(“thatourteamwonthegame”是同位语从句,对“news”的具体内容进行说明,即“我们队赢得比赛”这一消息);Thereissomedoubtwhetherhewillcome.(“whetherhewillcome”是同位语从句,对“doubt”的内容进行阐述,即对“他是否会来”存在疑问)二、练习1.指出下列句中主语的中心词:Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.Therearealotofbananatreesontheisland.Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.5,2.选出句中谓语的中心词:Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.Wehadbettersendforadoctor.Heisinterestedinmusic.Whomdidyougivemybookto?3.挑出下列句中的宾语:Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.Theydidn'tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.4.挑出下列句中的表语:Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.WhyisheworriedaboutJim?Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.Soontheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.5.挑出下列句中的定语:TheyuseMr,Mrswiththefamilyname.Whatisyourgivenname?OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!6.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语:Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.Shefounditdifficulttodothework.TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMrWanggetonthebus.DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?7.挑出下列句中的状语:Therewasabigsmileonherface.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.5,Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.8.划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语:Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.【答案解析】1.主语中心词:Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.中心词是“teacher”,“withtwoofhisstudents”是后置定语修饰“teacher”。Therearealotofbananatreesontheisland.中心词是“trees”,“alotofbanana”是定语修饰“trees”。Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.中心词是“dictionary”,“useful”是定语修饰“dictionary”。Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.中心词是“Todotoday'shomework”,这是一个不定式短语作主语,“withouttheteacher'shelp”是状语。2.谓语中心词:Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.谓语中心词是“like”,“don't”是助动词,帮助构成否定句。Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.谓语中心词是“get”,“longerandlonger”是表语。Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?谓语中心词是“go”,“Do”是助动词,“usually”是副词作状语。Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.谓语中心词是“willbe”,这是一个复合谓语。Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?谓语中心词是“have”,“Did”是助动词,帮助构成一般疑问句。Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.谓语中心词是“do”,“didn't”是助动词,帮助构成否定句。WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.谓语中心词是“is”,“WhatIwanttotellyou”是主语从句。Wehadbettersendforadoctor.谓语中心词是“send”,“hadbetter”是情态动词短语,后接动词原形。Heisinterestedinmusic.谓语中心词是“is”,“isinterestedin”是系表结构。Whomdidyougivemybookto?谓语中心词是“give”,“did”是助动词,“Whom”是间接宾语,“mybook”是直接宾语。3.宾语:Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.宾语是“homework”。PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.宾语是“English”。Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.宾语是“attention”,“toyourpronunciation”是介词短语作状语修饰“payattentionto”。Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?宾语是“words”,“Howmanynew”是定语修饰“words”。Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?宾语是“togoswimming”,这是一个不定式短语作宾语。Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.宾语是“hewasill”,这是一个宾语从句。Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.宾语是“him”,“monitoroftheclass”是宾语补足语。Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.宾语是“themuseum”,“acrossthebridge”是状语,“ontheleft”是后置定语修饰“themuseum”。Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.宾语是“it”,“useful”是宾语补足语,“afteryouleaveschool”是状语从句。Theydidn'tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.宾语是“who"FatherChristmas"reallyis”,这是一个宾语从句。4.表语:5,Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.表语是“tired”,“very”是副词修饰“tired”。WhyisheworriedaboutJim?表语是“worriedaboutJim”,这是一个系表结构,“aboutJim”是状语修饰“worried”。Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.表语是“yellow”。Soontheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.表语是“interestedinthesubject”,这是一个系表结构,“inthesubject”是状语修饰“interested”。Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.表语是“thefirsttolearnaboutit”,这是一个名词短语作表语,“tolearnaboutit”是后置定语修饰“thefirst”。5.定语:TheyuseMr,Mrswiththefamilyname.定语是“family”,修饰“name”。Whatisyourgivenname?定语是“given”,修饰“name”。OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.定语是“third”,修饰“lap”。Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.定语是“some”,修饰“people”。Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.定语是“downstairs”,修饰“man”。Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!定语是“other”,修饰“shoe”。6.宾语补足语:Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.宾语补足语是“toreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room”,这是一个不定式短语作宾语补足语。Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.宾语补足语是“totaketheboyoutofschool”,这是一个不定式短语作宾语补足语。Shefounditdifficulttodothework.宾语补足语是“difficulttodothework”,“difficult”是宾语补足语,“todothework”是真正的宾语,“it”是形式宾语。TheycallmeLilysometimes.宾语补足语是“Lily”。IsawMrWanggetonthebus.宾语补足语是“getonthebus”,这是一个不带to的不定式短语作宾语补足语。DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?宾语补足语是“playingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow”,这是一个现在分词短语作宾语补足语。7.状语:Therewasabigsmileonherface.状语是“onherface”,这是一个介词短语作地点状语。Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.状语是“Everynight”和“upstairs”,分别表示时间和地点。HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.状语是“whenhewaseleven”,这是一个时间状语从句。Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.状语是“onthemotorbike”和“toofast”,分别表示地点和程度。Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.状语是“Withthemedicineboxunderherarm”,这是一个with复合结构作状语。Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.状语是“becauseshelovesbooks”,这是一个原因状语从句。Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.状语是“thatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit”,这是一个宾语从句作状语。ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.状语是“toseetheothermachine”,这是一个不定式短语作目的状语。8.直接宾语和间接宾语:Pleasetellusastory.直接宾语是“story”,间接宾语是“us”。Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.直接宾语是“bike”,间接宾语是“me”,“forme”是状语,表示对象。5
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