适用于新高考新教材2024版高考英语二轮复习专项能力提升练阅读理解文体分类练4说明文之发明创新类（附解析）

文体分类练(四)　说明文之发明创新类(限时:25分钟)Passage1(2023福建福州二模)Someday,youmaynolongerneedtobrushyourteethbyhand.Instead,agroupofbillionsofnanoparticles(纳米粒子)couldautomaticallydoallthatworkforyou.Itwouldbeespeciallylife-changingforpeoplewhofinditdifficultorimpossibletoholdandmoveatoothbrush.Steager,anengineerattheUniversityofPennsylvania(Penn)inPhiladelphiaandHyunKoo,aninventoranddentalresearcherthere,foundawaytoformthenanoparticlesintolong,skinnybristles(刷毛),alotliketheonesonatoothbrush.Butthesebristlesshape-shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.Thetooth-cleaningrobotworksthankstotwomagnets(磁铁).Onegoeseachsideoftheteeth.Thenanoparticlessitinaliquidbetweenthemagnets.Whenthemagnetsareturnedoff,thenanoparticlesmoverandomlyintheliquid.Assoonasonemagnetgetsturnedon,thenanoparticlesgathertogethernearitscenter.Whentheresearchersturnontheothermagnetandturnoffthefirstone,thenanoparticlesextendoutwardinlong,skinnybristles.Whenthere’satoothintheway,thesebristlescan’tstretchoutasfarastheywant.Sotheypushagainstthetooth’ssurface.Ifthere’sagapbetweenteeth,theypushintothegap.Movingthemagnetsmakesthebristlesmoveagainstandbetweenteeth.Allthatmotioncleanstheteeth.Asabonus,thenanoparticlesalsohavestrongpowertokillviruses.Thenewdeviceisjustaproofofconcept.Theresearchersstillneedtoturnitintoaproductthatpeoplewillwanttouse.“There’salotofengineeringtogetfromheretothere,buteverygoodideaneedstohaveastart,”saysSteager.1.Whatisspecialaboutthetoothcleaner?A.It’swater-proof.B.It’stransformable.C.Itlookslikeatoothbrush.D.Itcontainsskinnybristles.2.Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout? A.Theworkingprinciple.B.Themagnets’motion.C.Thevirus-killingprocess.D.Thebristles’formation.3.HowdoesSteagerfeelaboutthefutureofthedevice?A.Uncertain.B.Confident.C.Concerned.D.Surprised.4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle?A.ATooth-CleanerFightingBacteriaB.ABreakthroughinMedicineC.AShape-ShiftingRoboticTooth-CleanerD.ANewConceptforaNewStartPassage2(2023山东济南一模)Thereisnothingquitelikeenjoyingthesights,soundsandcultureofacitywhiletastingacupofcoffeeoutdoors.Butitisnotthatenjoyablewhenheatwavessweepthecity.AnoutdoorcoolingsystemproducedbyKinonko,anIsraeli(以色列的)company,begantobetestedinTelAviv.Theswelteringcityisaperfectplacetotrythenewtechnology.Withglobalwarmingheatingupthetemperature,itwillsoonbetoohottositoutsideincafes.Whileoutdoorcoolingsystemshaveexistedforawhile,mostofthemusesomesortofwaterormistingsystemtocooltheairaroundthem,consumingtoomuchwaterandpower.Aftertwoyearsofdevelopment,theperfectsolutiontotheproblemwasfound.“Wehaveinventedanewgenerationofairconditioner,”KinonkoCEOLeizersaid.AsLeizerintroduced,theenergyisfromthepressurecreatedbetweenliquidnitrogen(氮)andgasnitrogen.Whenliquidnitrogenat-196degreesturnsintogas,itproducesaverystrongpressureandthepressureisusedtorunamechanicalengine.Itisthatmechanicalenginethatslowlyreleasesfreezingnitrogengastocooldowntheairaroundit.Thetechnologyisuniqueandamazing.Beyondthecoolnessoftheconcept,italsohasotheradvantages.Theworkunitdoesn’tneedtobepower-driven,anddoesn’tblow outharmfulwarmairasitworks.Asforthepotentialprice,itwillprobablybenomoreexpensivethananyotherairconditioner.Inaddition,theliquidnitrogencontainerwillneedtobereplacedeveryseventotendays,dependingonusage.Thismakesitanaffordableoptionforallsortsofbusinesses.Thecoolingsystemisexpectedtobeonthemarketin2024.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sweltering”meaninparagraph1?A.Warm.B.Dry.C.Hot.D.Freezing.6.Whatproblemdoestheexistingoutdoorcoolingsystemshave?A.Theyarewasteful.B.Theyoverheateasily.C.Theyoftenbreakdown.D.Theyareslowtocooltheair.7.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlyexplain?A.Whatpowerstheengine.B.Whatturnsliquidintogas.C.Howthepressureisformed.D.Howthenewsystemworks.8.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Topromoteacompany.B.Tosettleanenergycrisis.C.Tointroduceatechnology.D.Tomarketamistingsystem.Passage3(2023安徽马鞍山二模)Togivegrasshoppers(蚱蜢)somecredit—jumpingacrossyardsandbetweenbranchestakesalotmoreexpertisethanitmightappear.Thereareincrediblytinyfactorstoconsider,suchastheresistanceinlaunchsurface,aswellasdesireddistance,speed,andlanding.Mostjumpingrobotscan’tcompetewiththeinsect,astheirjumpsarelimitedtostartingatopextremelyrigidsurfaces.Butanewbouncingrobotdevelopedby researchersinCarnegieMellon’sCollegeofEngineeringiscrossingthosebarriers,andshowingpromiseforhowautonomousdevicescouldoperateinthefuture.AteamofscientistsledbyprofessorofmechanicalengineeringSarahBergbreiterrecentlyoptimizedarobot’slatchmechanisms(弹簧机制)usedtoboostitupward.Previously,theselatcheswereprimarilythoughtofassimpleon/offswitchesthatenabledthereleaseofstoredenergy.However,Bergbreiterandherteamemployedmathematicalmodelingtoillustratethattheselatchesbothwerecapableofcontrollingenergyoutput,aswellascontrollingthetransfer(传递)ofenergybetweenthejumperandthelaunchsurface.Totesttheirwork,theteampositionedasmalljumpingrobotatopatreebranchandrecordedthepreciseenergytransfersinitsjumps’firstmoments.“Wefoundthatthelatchcannotonlymediate(调节)energyoutputbutcanalsomediateenergytransferbetweenthejumperandtheenvironmentthatitisjumpingfrom,”saidBergbreiter.Nowthatresearchersbetterunderstandtheinteractionsatplayintheopeningmomentsofjumping,theycannowbeginworkingonwaystointegratethisintofutureroboticdesigns.“Ithasbeennearlyimpossibletodesigncontrolledinsect-sizedrobotsbecausetheyarelaunchedinjustmilliseconds,”explainedBergbreiter.“Now,wehavemorecontroloverwhetherourrobotsarejumpinguponefootorthree.It’sreallyfascinatingthatthelatch—somethingthatwealreadyneedinourrobots—canbeusedtocontroloutputsthatwecouldn’thavecontrolledbefore.”9.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowaboutthenewrobotbymentioninggrasshoppers?A.Itcomeswithtechnicaldifficulties.B.Itcanbeattheinsecteasily.C.Itisthefirstonedesignedforjumping.D.Itisshapedlikethetinycreature.10.WhatadvantagedolatchesdesignedbyBergbreiterhaveoverthetraditionalones?A.Theyarebetterpositionedinrobots.B.Theyhelpreleasemoreenergyatatime.C.Theyworkinextremeenvironments.D.Theyhavemorethanasinglefunction. 11.WhatdoesBergbreiterthinkoftheirwork?A.Ithaschangedtheirresearchdirection.B.Itinspiresnewapplicationsofrobots.C.Itbringsthemasenseofachievement.D.Itwillmakerobotssmallerandlighter.12.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Anewmodelforfuturerobots.B.Astepforwardinrobotdesign.C.Jumpingrobotsinspiredbygrasshoppers.D.Effortstodevelopinsect-sizedrobots.答案：文体分类练(四)　说明文之发明创新类Passage1[语篇解读]本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款纳米材料的机器人洁牙器。1.B　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Butthesebristlesshape-shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.”可知,这个洁牙产品能根据口腔内状况而变形。故选B项。2.A　主旨大意题。根据第三段可知,第三段陈述的是这款清洁牙齿的机器人的工作原理。3.B　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,Steager认为这个清洁牙齿的设备从概念到产品,还需要很多工程,但是不失为一个好的想法,故Steager对这款产品很自信。4.C　主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是第一段以及第二段最后一句“Butthesebristlesshape-shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.”可知,文章主要介绍了一款纳米材料的洁牙器,在口腔中会根据具体状况变化形状。C项“AShape-ShiftingRoboticTooth-Cleaner(一种可以变形的机器人洁牙器)”作标题比较贴切。Passage2[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了开始进入测试阶段的一种室外冷却系统,这项新技术有望在2024年投入市场,使人们在炎热的天气下,能够重享在室外喝咖啡的快乐。5.C　词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Butitisnotthatenjoyablewhenheatwavessweepthecity.”可知,这座城市是非常闷热的。由此可知,“Theswelteringcity”指的是这座闷热的城市,画线词sweltering意为“闷热的”。 6.A　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Whileoutdoorcoolingsystemshaveexistedforawhile,mostofthemusesomesortofwaterormistingsystemtocooltheairaroundthem,consumingtoomuchwaterandpower.”可知,现在的室外冷却系统消耗过多的水和电力,是比较浪费的。7.D　主旨大意题。根据第三段中“Whenliquidnitrogenat-196degreesturnsintogas,itproducesaverystrongpressureandthepressureisusedtorunamechanicalengine.Itisthatmechanicalenginethatslowlyreleasesfreezingnitrogengastocooldowntheairaroundit.”可知,该段主要描述了这种新的冷却系统是如何工作的。8.C　推理判断题。根据第一段中“AnoutdoorcoolingsystemproducedbyKinonko,anIsraelicompany,begantobetestedinTelAviv.”和最后一段中“Thetechnologyisuniqueandamazing.”及“Thecoolingsystemisexpectedtobeonthemarketin2024.”可推知,本文的主要目的是向人们介绍一种新的室外冷却技术。Passage3[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科研团队通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,使机器人的弹跳能力获得极大的改良。9.A　推理判断题。根据第一段中“Thereareincrediblytinyfactorstoconsider,suchastheresistanceinlaunchsurface,aswellasdesireddistance,speed,andlanding.”及第二段可知,大多数弹跳机器人在弹跳能力上都无法与蚱蜢匹敌,但新型弹跳机器人正在克服这些障碍,提高弹跳能力,故作者提及蚱蜢卓越的弹跳力是为了展示新型弹跳机器人想要获得类似的弹跳能力需要克服重重技术难关。10.D　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Previously,theselatcheswereprimarilythoughtofassimpleon/offswitchesthatenabledthereleaseofstoredenergy.However,Bergbreiterandherteamemployedmathematicalmodelingtoillustratethattheselatchesbothwerecapableofcontrollingenergyoutput,aswellascontrollingthetransferofenergybetweenthejumperandthelaunchsurface.”可知,和之前的弹簧机制比较,Bergbreiter的团队设计的弹簧功能更多。11.C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Now,wehavemorecontroloverwhetherourrobotsarejumpinguponefootorthree.It’sreallyfascinatingthatthelatch—somethingthatwealreadyneedinourrobots—canbeusedtocontroloutputsthatwecouldn’thavecontrolledbefore.”可知,Bergbreiter认为他们的工作取得了重大的突破,给他们带来了成就感。 12.B　主旨大意题。根据第二段中“ButanewbouncingrobotdevelopedbyresearchersinCarnegieMellon’sCollegeofEngineeringiscrossingthosebarriers,andshowingpromiseforhowautonomousdevicescouldoperateinthefuture.”及第三段中“AteamofscientistsledbyprofessorofmechanicalengineeringSarahBergbreiterrecentlyoptimizedarobot’slatchmechanismsusedtoboostitupward.”并结合下文弹簧机制优化后的成效可知,本文主要介绍了通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,机器人设计向前迈进了一步。词汇积累:1.(Passage1)automaticallyadv.自动地2.(Passage1)extendv.延伸3.(Passage1)stretchout伸展4.(Passage2)sweepvt.席卷5.(Passage2)consumevt.消耗6.(Passage2)advantagen.优势7.(Passage2)optionn.选择8.(Passage2)asfor关于,置于9.(Passage3)boostvt.推动10.(Passage3)becapableof有能力熟词生义:1.(Passage2)runvt.操作;使运转2.(Passage3)positionvt.放置长难句分析:(Passage1)Whenthere’satoothintheway,thesebristlescan’tstretchoutasfarastheywant.分析:本句为复合句。Whenthere’satoothintheway为when引导的时间状语从句,asfarastheywant为比较状语从句。句意:当有一颗牙齿挡道时,这些刷毛就不能像它们想要的那样伸展。